Marine wildlife watching, whether boat-based or in-water, provides unique opportunities to observe animals in their natural habitats. These activities, when conducted sustainably, raise environmental awareness, generate economic benefits for local communities, and support conservation efforts through education and research. However, unsustainable practices can disturb wildlife, degrade habitats, and jeopardize the long-term survival of populations.

To address these challenges, two sets of guidelines have been developed: Guidelines for Sustainable Boat-Based Marine Wildlife Watching (annexed to UNEP/CMS/Resolution 11.29 (Rev. COP12)) and Guidelines for Recreational In-Water Interactions with Marine Wildlife (annexed to UNEP/CMS/Resolution 12.16 (Rev. COP14)). These have been endorsed by Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Together, these guidelines aim to minimize the impacts of human activities on marine species and their habitats while enabling the responsible enjoyment of wildlife.

This publication combines the two sets of guidelines into a unified document, presenting measures to mitigate risks and enhance conservation outcomes. By aligning recommendations across species and activity types, it provides CMS Parties and stakeholders with a comprehensive framework to ensure that wildlife interactions are conducted sustainably.

In order to serve the conservation objectives of the Convention, and regardless of their format and characteristics, such guidelines are inspired by a precautionary approach and are aimed at eliminating or, at the very least, minimizing disturbance and adverse effects on wildlife.