Eritrea's long Red Sea coastline encompasses the habitats and migratory routes of many threatened marine species, including the Sperm Whale (Physeter catodon) and five species of marine turtles currently listed in both Appendices I and II of CMS: the Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta). All five of these species of marine turtles are covered by the specialized Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia (IOSEA), which was concluded under the auspices of CMS and to which Eritrea is a Range State.

Eritrea's ecosystem contains portions of the Sudanian Savannas, Red Sea Fog Woodlands and Ethiopian Highlands and lies on the migratory route of many migratory birds, such as storks and several species of terns and other migratory waterbirds covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA), another specialized intergovernmental agreement concluded under the auspices of CMS. One such species, covered for the major part of its range by AEWA, which passes through Eritrea along its migratory route is the Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca). The species is included in both CMS Appendix I and II, and was designated for Concerted Action under the Convention by the 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (Cape Town, Nov. 1999).

Eritrea is a contracting party to a number of other environment-related Conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).